In black ink, science physics stance as of 2024.
In blue ink: Gravimotion comments

The Universe expansion and Big bang theories

The 1915 Einstein general relativity theory predicted the Universe could not be static; it could only expand or contract; in 1917, in order to make his theory comply with a static Universe, Einstein added his famous cosmological constant.
In 1927, Lemaître, a Belgium scientist and Catholic priest published a paper linking mathematically Einstein General Relativity to an expansion of the Universe.
And a couple years later in 1929 Hubble, an outstanding astronomer, discovered far away galaxies are emitting red shifted lights, and the farther the galaxies the redder the shift.
That is when Einstein stated that his cosmological constant was its "biggest blunder".
And to confirm the relationship between redshift and movement, in 1842 the Austrian scientist Doppler unveiled the now so called Doppler effect or frequency shift: the frequency of a wave is modified by the the relative speed of the source with respect to the the observer,
An analogy used in science to explain a frequency shift is the siren of a police car passing by and speeding away from you; the siren's pitch, that is its frequency, is decreasing due to the moving away of the siren with respect to you the observer.
Similarly a change toward the red in the color of the light emitted by a star, called a redshift, indicates that it recedes from us.
Applying the Doppler shift to Huble's measures, most scientists concluded the Universe is expanding; and in addition, because the farther the galaxies the redder the shift, the more distant the galaxies the faster their recession with respect to each other.
Then going backward in time the Universe had to start from a dimensionless point given the name Big bang, which was followed by a so called inflation period, in which the Universe did increase at a faster and faster rate.
By the end of the 20th century the so-called Cosmic Microwave Background was discovered and the inflation period was now considered to have occurred before the Big bang.
Yet in reverse, science's new and latest interpretation is that going backward in time, inflation was getting slower and slower and never starting from nothing; it mandates that the Big Bang never occurred.
 There is an argument in favor of an infinite Universe, and that is the conservation of energy principle or first law of dynamics.
Both Universe's alleged past inflation and current increase are amounting to accelerations, which require energies produced independently or from outside the accelerated entities; whether it be material or not, the energy expending the Universe would have to be coming from outside it, that is out of nothing or nowhere; that is contradicting this first law of dynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Unfortunately this law cannot be verified at the Universe scale, as our human abilities are restricted to our finite lifetimes.

In addition, nowadays some stars have been measured with redshifts indicating they are receding from us faster than light speed, which goes against physics laws; as such, now in science, a new explanation for red shifts had to be found.

A comprehensive study of the redshift phenomenon is published at Atom redshift and ZPE by Barry Setterfield; in it a ZPE (Zero Point Energy) is used to justify an expansion of the Universe.
 In the following are two differing, yet logical, interpretations for very high redshifts.

Science's problem and way out ...
All scientific equations, no matter their latest complexity, used to relate redshifts emitted by galaxies to their distances from us and to their speeds with respect to us.
The terminology redshift Z was, and still is, commonly used in these mathematics. When Z of the light emitted by a galaxy was close to 1 the speed of the galaxy, with respect to us measuring it, was considered to be close to the speed of light.
A problem popped up when some galaxies' redshifts Z provided speeds exceeding light speed, which is forbidden by Einstein's relativity.
The galaxy Zn-11 having a redshift equal to 10.6, would be receding from us at a speed way above light speed.
No matter physics' complex yet meticulous mathematics, all investigations regarding the subject remain based on redshifts being interpreted as increasing distances and receding speeds.

The way out is because galaxies cannot move faster than light speed, it has been decided in science that those galaxies are actually not moving; on the other hand the space in between them is increasing at such a rate that redshifts providing greater than light speed were now acceptables.

Arguments against expansion

This new assertion, in which space is stretching while stars are remaining still, contradicts the police car's siren analogy; the siren is really moving away from the observer, the distance on Earth, the background on which the motion is occurring, is not expanding nor increasing in length.
And it is difficult to imagine that the car, while moving on Earth, would not be moving in space-time and would furthermore expand the latter.
And what about mass increase with relative speed; does that remain in effect now that the objects are no longer moving?
In any case we must keep in mind that nowadays in science the galaxies are no longer moving away from each other.
Space instead is expanding; this goes somewhat along the relativity theory in which gravity warps and stretches space-time; in science, material stars and galaxies do control and regulate the Universe; the fundamental entity controlling the Universe is matter; space-time complies.
In this gravimotion interpretation, because gravity warps and stretches space-time, space-time also the present-moment, must be occurring under some kind of fabric, which is given the name present-mo(ve)ment, and defined below in the paragraph The fabric of space-time.

Strangely enough, because Andromeda is a galaxy that is moving toward our Milky Way, in some special circumstances space would have to be able to contract rather than expand within its general expansion. And there is also evidence that several other galaxies in the past moved toward, encountered, overlapped and mixed with our Milky Way, again all of it working against a general expansion.

Another incongruity is that the farther the galaxies the longer the distance stretches.
gravity frequency On the very left of this sketch is represented the Milky Way galaxy and our eye observing the GN-z11, a far away galaxy emitting one of the greatest redshifts.
The three top arrows increasing in length, from us on the Milky way toward GN-z11, illustrate the increasing space stretches of the theory.
Now the three bottom arrows, as viewed from GN-z11 toward us, are again increasing in length in accordance with the theory.
 How can, right next to the Milky way, shorter and longer space-time stretches be occurring simultaneously?
Furthermore, as seen in this sketch, accelerated stretching mandates a specific direction. The space increase direction as viewed from the Milky way toward GN-z11 is incompatible with the space increase opposite direction as viewed from GN-z11.
Finally asserting the farther the galaxies the larger they are and the greater the redshift measured, now mandates that these galaxies are expanding the Universe or the cause of the expansion.

The fabric of space-time

In this gravimotion interpretation of Nature, space-time, also the present moment, is a Reality that occupies everywhere a volume and is renamed the present mo(ve)ment..
General relativity uncovers a fundamental characteristic of space and time, namely that space and time make one; here this space-time unification is implemented through the fusing of space and time into a single physical reality that is motion or the present mo(ve)ment.

The fabric of the present mo(ve)ment is motion described by analogy to the temperature of the air surrounding us.
The air temperature is coincidental to the air molecules' individual kinetic energies, called here motion-volumes; the word kinetic involves movement, the opposite of inert mass that is inactive. In this interpretation the movements of the air molecules, that is the motion-volumes, have a physical entity, which departs from the mass of the molecules. Sound waves (voice, music) are tuned vibrations of these motion-volumes.
Because light waves are oscillations occurring within the present mo(ve)ment, the latter is occurring under such massless motion-volumes.
motion volume Represented on the right, this background motion involves vibrating volumes labelled motion-volumes.
Light waves are occurring as motion-volumes, which are tuned vibrations of a background made of motion-volumes that are furthermore moving at light speed.
In this interpretation, the present mo(ve)ment is occurring as massless motions indefinitely renewing themselves throughout the entire Universe.
Being massless and occurring in all directions the present mo(ve)ment activity is neutral.
Spacetime is occurring as volumes of energy on the move that are self-driven and active.
Instead of just going by, our human concept of time becomes dynamic; space-time turned into motion becomes the engine animating the present, it is the cause of all happenings.

Gravimotion's way out ...

Paragraph added August 10 2025.
There is a simple explanation, other than science's extension of space, as why redshifts yield speeds faster than light.
Plank's photon mathematical formula E = h . f indicates that light's redshifts h . f amount to be energies E; a red light of lower frequency than a blue, carries less energy E than a blue one; a decrease of frequency toward the red, that is a redshift, amounts primarily to a loss of energy and not an increase in distance from us.
And along this, moving or receding galaxies have a kinetic energy E = 1/2 mV2; this kinetic energy E is coinciding to its speed squared V2 and not to its speed V as used in science mathematical interpretations of redshifts.
The energy measured through a redshift is proportional to the squared speed V2 of the galaxy rather than its speed V as stated in the so called dimensionless quantity Z.
Science's galaxies alleged speeds V are actually squared speeds.

So now the question remains, does the Universe is expanding or not?
Getting back to the analogy of the sound speed within air, and by the way a phenomenon also occurring on the waves of the ocean, light waves get diluted within the movement density of the present mo(ve)ment while travelling through.
Science interpretation, that the farther the galaxies the larger they are and the redder the redshifts they emit, as for consequence to link the sizes of the galaxies to their distances from us, that is an interpretation lacking scientific proof; it furthermore mandates that the galaxies are managing the size of the Universe.
Here, just as in science the galaxies are not systematically moving away from us; now yet unlike science's expanding space, the non expanding space has the advantage of not breaking the conservation of energy principle that is the first law of dynamics.
All in all the very constitution of the Universe causes the redshifts.
In this gravimotion interpretation, space-time is considered to be neutral, as a whole neither expanding nor shrinking; it has a fabric; it is occurring under motion-volumes defined as energy on the move.
Its density is the reason behind the measured redshifts.

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